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naṣir al din shah shah of iran 1831 1896 patron

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Sting ray (Dasyatis  pastinaca), trûghûn [n.p.] The two specimens shown look like angels [top]; Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), sifiyâ [n.p.]. Three varieties are shown [middle left];  Mullet (Mullus barbatus), trîghlâ [n.p.] [middle right and bottom], fol. 74

Sting ray (Dasyatis pastinaca), trûghûn [n.p.] The two specimens show...

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Garlic leek (Allium scorodoprasum), thûm kurrâthî [top]; Charlock ( Brassica alba), khardal ahlî [bottom], fol. 108v

Garlic leek (Allium scorodoprasum), thûm kurrâthî [top]; Charlock ( Br...

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Three varieties of] Hercules' all-heal, umbellifers that exude gums used in medicine (Opopanax chironium), fânâqihs [n.p.], fol. 139

Three varieties of] Hercules' all-heal, umbellifers that exude gums us...

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Two varieties of wild cumin (Lagoecia cuminoides), kammûn barrî [!] [bottom and top]; Bishop's weed (Ammi visnaga), damî [bottom]; Coriander (Coriandrum sativa), kusfarah [margin], fol. 143

Two varieties of wild cumin (Lagoecia cuminoides), kammûn barrî [!] [b...

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Hulwort, cat-thyme (Teucrium polium), fûliyûn, fol. 160v

Hulwort, cat-thyme (Teucrium polium), fûliyûn, fol. 160v

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Eight illustrations of six] varieties of Mullein (Verbascum sp.), flûmûs [n.p.] (Gr: phlomos), i.e., bûdîn, fol. 213v

Eight illustrations of six] varieties of Mullein (Verbascum sp.), flûm...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 248v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 248v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 264

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 264

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 287v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 287v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 4v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 4v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 10

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 10

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 18

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 18

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Gladdon (Iris foetidissima), su'd. Three varieties are shown [right, middle, left]; Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), qirdamânâ [bottom], fol. 21v

Gladdon (Iris foetidissima), su'd. Three varieties are shown [right, m...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 36v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 36v

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Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus), skînûs, i.e., shajarat al-mustakâ [top]; Pine cones on a pine tree, wrongly identified as a variety of mastic by later hand [bottom], fol. 41v

Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus), skînûs, i.e., shajarat al-mustakâ [t...

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Mock privet, jasmine box (Phillyrea latifolia), faylûrâ [!] [right]; Rock roses (Cistus vilosus, Cistus salviaefolius), qaysiyyûs [!], i.e., shajarat al-lâdhan [left], fol. 51v

Mock privet, jasmine box (Phillyrea latifolia), faylûrâ [!] [right]; R...

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Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus), âhinnûs [!], i.e., al-fanjankusht, fol. 55v

Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus), âhinnûs [!], i.e., al-fanjankusht, f...

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Seahorse (Syngnathus hippocampus), îffûqâmfus [top]; Purple murex (Murex breandaris, etc.), farfîr [n.p.], i.e., al-halazûn al-arjuwânî. Two are shown [middle]; Whelk shell  (Genera: Phos. Engina, Babylonia, Pisania), qîrfihûs [!n.p.] [bottom], fol. 70v

Seahorse (Syngnathus hippocampus), îffûqâmfus [top]; Purple murex (Mur...

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Crabs (Thelphusa species), saratânât. The one above is native  to rivers, the one below to the sea [top]; Scorpion (Skorpios chersaios), aqrab [middle]; Saltwater fish, al-samakah al-bahrîyah [!]. Two varieties are shown  [bottom], fol. 72v

Crabs (Thelphusa species), saratânât. The one above is native to rive...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 86v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 86v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 87v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 87v

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Wild lettuce (Lactuca scariola), khass barrî [top]; Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), shâhtaraj [this name appears in an irretrievably corrupt form!] [bottom]; skandîlûs [!n.p.] [margin], fol. 104v

Wild lettuce (Lactuca scariola), khass barrî [top]; Fumitory (Fumaria ...

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Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), tlâsfî [!] [center]; Peppergrass, Hoary Cress (Lepidiym draba), dharâbî [margin], fol. 109v

Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), tlâsfî [!] [center]; Peppe...

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Wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare), ûrîghânûs [n.p.][top] and [bottom], fol. 131v

Wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare), ûrîghânûs [n.p.][top] and [bottom], ...

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White clover (Trifolium repens), mârûn [top]; Basil (Ocimum sp.), zirashk [!], i.e., al-anbâbârîs. Basil balm (Calamintha acinas)  is possibly the plant intended [bottom], fol. 136v

White clover (Trifolium repens), mârûn [top]; Basil (Ocimum sp.), zira...

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Greater wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris), serves to illustrate "Peloponnesian celery" [top]; Hartwort (Tordylium officinale), tûrdaniyyûn [!n.p.] [bottom right]; Sison (Sison amomum), sînûn [bottom left], fol. 141v

Greater wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris), serves to illustrate "Pel...

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Peony (Paeonia officinalis), jlûqûsîdî [n.p.]. The so-called female peony plant, fol. 170v

Peony (Paeonia officinalis), jlûqûsîdî [n.p.]. The so-called female pe...

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Water Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), almismâ [!], fol. 174v

Water Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), almismâ [!], fol. 174v

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Unknown plant, serves to illustrate fâtûriyyûs [!n.p.], fol. 191

Unknown plant, serves to illustrate fâtûriyyûs [!n.p.], fol. 191

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Fleaseed, Fleawort (Plantago psyllium), fasûlliyyûn [!] [left]; Unknown plant, labeled as another variety of psyllium [right], fol. 201

Fleaseed, Fleawort (Plantago psyllium), fasûlliyyûn [!] [left]; Unknow...

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Tree Medick (Medicago arborea), qûtîssûs [n.p.], fol. 216v

Tree Medick (Medicago arborea), qûtîssûs [n.p.], fol. 216v

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Climbing Corydalis (Corydalis claviculata), ûsûfûrûn. The name means "little key", which is appropriate to this drawing [top]; Violet (Violet odorata), banafsaj [bottom], fol. 219

Climbing Corydalis (Corydalis claviculata), ûsûfûrûn. The name means "...

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Squirting Cucumber (Ecballium elaterium), khiyâr al-barrî, i.e., khiyâr al-himâr [top]; Unknown plant serves to illustrate maywîzaj, i.e., al-nabt [!] al-jabalî [bottom], fol. 228

Squirting Cucumber (Ecballium elaterium), khiyâr al-barrî, i.e., khiyâ...

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Unidentifiable plant, labeled bâlânûs mûruhfsîqî [!n.p.], fol. 230v

Unidentifiable plant, labeled bâlânûs mûruhfsîqî [!n.p.], fol. 230v

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Plant that looks like Acacia, labeled îffûfihstûn [n.p.], fol. 231v

Plant that looks like Acacia, labeled îffûfihstûn [n.p.], fol. 231v

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Quacksalver's Spurge (Euphorbia pityousa), qîtuwâwasâ [!], fol. 236

Quacksalver's Spurge (Euphorbia pityousa), qîtuwâwasâ [!], fol. 236

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 254v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 254v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 268

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 268

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 273v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 273v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 275v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 275v

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Materia medica. Arabic, Back endpaper verso (with a collection note recto)

Materia medica. Arabic, Back endpaper verso (with a collection note re...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 34v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 34v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 36

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 36

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 37v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 37v

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Myrrh (Commiphora abyssinica) & Boeotian myrrh, al-murr. Two varieties are shown, fol. 38

Myrrh (Commiphora abyssinica) & Boeotian myrrh, al-murr. Two varieties...

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Pine tree (Pinus cembra; Pinus halepenis), al-sanawbar. Two varieties are shown, fol. 41

Pine tree (Pinus cembra; Pinus halepenis), al-sanawbar. Two varieties ...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 43

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 43

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Pomegranate tree (Punica granatum), al-rummân [center]; Wild pomegranate bâlâwustiyûs, i.e., julnâr fârisî, fol. 60v

Pomegranate tree (Punica granatum), al-rummân [center]; Wild pomegrana...

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Barley (Hordeum sativum; Hordeum vulgare), sha'îr, fol. 92v

Barley (Hordeum sativum; Hordeum vulgare), sha'îr, fol. 92v

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Garden endive, kûndrûdîlî [!n.p.] [right]; Possibly garden endive [middle]; Chicory (Cichorium intybus), tarashaqûq [left], fol. 103

Garden endive, kûndrûdîlî [!n.p.] [right]; Possibly garden endive [mid...

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Dried root of rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), râwun [margin]; Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), jihntiyâlnî [!n.p.] [top], fol. 121v

Dried root of rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), râwun [margin]; Yellow gent...

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Goosegrass, lady's bedstraw (Galium verum; Galium aparine), affârînî [top]; Alyssum (Fibigia clypeata), âlûssûn. Two varieties are shown [bottom], fol. 154

Goosegrass, lady's bedstraw (Galium verum; Galium aparine), affârînî [...

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Labeled "another veriety of lion's leaf according to some people's autopsy," but probably it is yellow germander as below [top]; Yellow germander (Teucrium flavum), tihûqriyûs [n.p.] [bottom], fol. 156

Labeled "another veriety of lion's leaf according to some people's aut...

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Spotted dead-nettle (Lamium maculatum), lihûqâs [n.p.] [top]; Corn-cockle, gith (Agrotemma githago), lûkhnîs [n.p.] al-barrîyah [bottom], fol. 157

Spotted dead-nettle (Lamium maculatum), lihûqâs [n.p.] [top]; Corn-coc...

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Horehound (Marrubium vulgare), frâsiyûn [n.p.] [top]; Woundwort (Stachys recta?), stâkhûs [bottom], fol. 159

Horehound (Marrubium vulgare), frâsiyûn [n.p.] [top]; Woundwort (Stach...

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Water germander  (Teucrium scordium), sqûrdiyûn. Two varieties are shown, fol. 161

Water germander (Teucrium scordium), sqûrdiyûn. Two varieties are sho...

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Jerusalem oak (Chenopodium botrys), bûtrûs [n.p.]. Two varieties are shown [top]; Geranium (Geranium tuberosum; Erodium malachoides), jihrâniyûn [n.p.]. Two varieties are shown [bottom], fol. 162v

Jerusalem oak (Chenopodium botrys), bûtrûs [n.p.]. Two varieties are s...

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Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), qîrqihâ [n.p.] [top]; Tuberous lousewort (Pedicularis tuberosa), ûnânthî [bottom], fol. 163v

Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), qîrqihâ [n.p.] [top]; Tube...

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Great fleabane, aromatic inula, yellow sterwort (Inula viscosa, Inula britannica), qûnûzâ. Three varieties are shown, labeled greater, lesser, and medium, fol. 164

Great fleabane, aromatic inula, yellow sterwort (Inula viscosa, Inula ...

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa), qinnab bustânî, fol. 173v manuscript

Hemp (Cannabis sativa), qinnab bustânî, fol. 173v manuscript

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Prickly Bloodwort (Poterium spinodum), stawbî [!n.p.] [top]; Unknown plants. Labeled two varieties of qlûmihnûn [bottom], fol. 181v

Prickly Bloodwort (Poterium spinodum), stawbî [!n.p.] [top]; Unknown p...

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Bog Rush (Juncus so.), skhûnûs âhamiyya [!n.p.]. Two varieties are shown, fol. 194

Bog Rush (Juncus so.), skhûnûs âhamiyya [!n.p.]. Two varieties are sho...

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Chrysocome (Crinitaria linosyris), krûsûqûmî [top]; Lion's Leas, Lion's Turnip (Leontice leontopetalum), krûsûghûnûn. The illustration repeats the  preceding one [bottom]; Unlabeled plant, perhaps Prince's Plum or Amaranth (Amaranthus gen.) [margin], fol. 195

Chrysocome (Crinitaria linosyris), krûsûqûmî [top]; Lion's Leas, Lion'...

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Hemlock (Conium maculatum), fûthiyyûn [!], fol. 205

Hemlock (Conium maculatum), fûthiyyûn [!], fol. 205

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Stranglewort (Cynanche erectus), afûqûnûn, i.e., khâniq al-kalb, serves to illustrate smîlâkhis [top]; Holly Oak, Holm Oak (Quereusilex smîlâkhis), illustrates afûqûnûn, i.e., top and bottom images are reversed [bottom], fol. 205v

Stranglewort (Cynanche erectus), afûqûnûn, i.e., khâniq al-kalb, serve...

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Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides), strâtiyyûtâ [!], (Gr: stratiotes), i.e., al-tâ'if. Shown growing on water, fol. 212v

Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides), strâtiyyûtâ [!], (Gr: stratiotes),...

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Unknown plant (an umbellifer, serves to illustrate strâtiyûtâ al-mu'allim [top]; [Eight illustrations of six] varieties of Mullein (Verbascum sp.), flûmûs [n.p.] (Gr: phlomos), i.e., bûdîn [bottom right and bottom left], fol. 213

Unknown plant (an umbellifer, serves to illustrate strâtiyûtâ al-mu'al...

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Varieties] of Mullein (Verbascum sp.), flûmûs [n.p.] (Gr: phlomos), i.e., bûdîn [right]; Wooly or Ethiopian Sage (Salvia  aethiopis), aythûfis [n.p.] [left], fol. 214

Varieties] of Mullein (Verbascum sp.), flûmûs [n.p.] (Gr: phlomos), i....

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Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), trîqûliyûn [!]  [top]; Unknown plant labeled qînûs [bottom], fol. 222

Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), trîqûliyûn [!] [top]; Unknown plant labe...

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Sickle Spurge (Euphorbia falcata), fahfalûs [!] [top]; Petty Spurge, Hyssop Spurge (Euphorbia peplis), fahfalîs [!] [bottom], fol. 237

Sickle Spurge (Euphorbia falcata), fahfalûs [!] [top]; Petty Spurge, H...

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Unknown plant, not a fern, serves to illustrate same "according to what has been seen" [top]; Safflower (Carthamus tinctoris), qartam [bottom], fol. 245v

Unknown plant, not a fern, serves to illustrate same "according to wha...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 248

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 248

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 250v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 250v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 259v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 259v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 265v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 265v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 267v

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 267v

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 288

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 288

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Materia medica. Arabic, Inside back cover (with a collection note verso)

Materia medica. Arabic, Inside back cover (with a collection note vers...

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Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), husyatâ faras al-bahr [!] [top];  "Sea sheep", al-hamal al-bahrî [upper middle]; "Sea dog", al-khizzah al-bahrî [middle]; "Sea dog", second variety [lower middle]; "Sea dog", third variety [bottom], fol. 74v

Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), husyatâ faras al-bahr [!] [top]...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 1

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 1

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Saffron (Crocus sativus), al-za'furân, fol. 29 manuscript

Saffron (Crocus sativus), al-za'furân, fol. 29 manuscript

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Manna ash (Fraximus ornus), al-murrân. Two varieties are shown [top]; White poplar (Populus alba), lihûqî, i.e., shajarat a l-hawr. Two overlapping trees are shown as two varieties: the right one is white poplar, but the other is an unknown tree [bottom], fol. 46v

Manna ash (Fraximus ornus), al-murrân. Two varieties are shown [top]; ...

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Eglantine rose (Rosa eglanteria), al-ward al-abyad. Two bushes are shown, one with very pale coloring and pink flowers. The heading for this entry has been omitted, fol. 53

Eglantine rose (Rosa eglanteria), al-ward al-abyad. Two bushes are sho...

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Another variety of aqâqiyâ. [Actually, a species of broom (Cytisus scoparius)], fol. 55

Another variety of aqâqiyâ. [Actually, a species of broom (Cytisus sco...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 60

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 60

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 68

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 68

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Fox (Volpes vulpes; Volpes cana), tha'lab [top]; Ass (Equus hemionus), al-himâr [middle]; Deer (Dama dama mesopotamica), al-âbil [!] [bottom], fol. 77v

Fox (Volpes vulpes; Volpes cana), tha'lab [top]; Ass (Equus hemionus),...

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Locust (Schistocerca gregaria), jarâd [top]; Crested lark (Galerida cristata), qanâbir [upper middle]; Imperial heron (Ardea imperialis), mâlik hazîn [middle]; Martin (Riparia paludicola), khatâtîf (sing. khuttâf) [bottom], fol. 80v

Locust (Schistocerca gregaria), jarâd [top]; Crested lark (Galerida cr...

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Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 91

Materia medica. Arabic, fol. 91

Public domain scan of a medieval manuscript, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

Rice (Oryza sativa), al-âruz [!] [top]; Emmer wheat, Einkorn wheat (Triticum dicoccum; Triticum monococcum), handrûs [middle]; Fox-tail, or Italian Millet (Setaria italica), al-dukhn [bottom], fol. 94

Rice (Oryza sativa), al-âruz [!] [top]; Emmer wheat, Einkorn wheat (Tr...

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 15th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

Flax seed (Linum usitatissimum), bazr kattân [!], fol. 95v

Flax seed (Linum usitatissimum), bazr kattân [!], fol. 95v

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Wild turnip (Bunias erucago), bûniyâs [n.p.] [top]; Radish (Raphanus sativus), fujl [bottom] , fol. 99

Wild turnip (Bunias erucago), bûniyâs [n.p.] [top]; Radish (Raphanus s...

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Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus; Sonchus arvensis), sûnhus [!] [top];  Garden endive (Chicorium endivia), hindabah bustânîyah [broadleaf variety and narrowly leafed and bitter] [bottom], fol. 102v

Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus; Sonchus arvensis), sûnhus [!] [top]; G...

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Wild carrot, also Hen's foot (Caucalis daucoides), fâwfâlîs [!] [top]; Rocket (Eruca sativa), jarjîr [bottom], fol. 105

Wild carrot, also Hen's foot (Caucalis daucoides), fâwfâlîs [!] [top];...

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Lepidion (Lepidium latifolium ), shaytaraj, fol. 115v

Lepidion (Lepidium latifolium ), shaytaraj, fol. 115v

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 14th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

Anemone (Anemone coronaria), anihmûnî [n.p.], fol. 116

Anemone (Anemone coronaria), anihmûnî [n.p.], fol. 116

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 16th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

Wild acantha (Silybum syriacum) [top];  Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) [middle]; Tall rest-harrow (Ononis repens; Ononis antiquorum), anûnîs [n.p.] [bottom], fol. 127

Wild acantha (Silybum syriacum) [top]; Milk thistle (Silybum marianum...

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 15th-16th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Feugreek (Trigonella graeca), mamlîlûtûs [!n.p.] [top]; Sîsambar [bottom], fol. 136

Feugreek (Trigonella graeca), mamlîlûtûs [!n.p.] [top]; Sîsambar [bott...

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 15th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

Honey garlic or moly (Allium dioscoridis), fol. 138v

Honey garlic or moly (Allium dioscoridis), fol. 138v

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 15th-16th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Mountain parsley (Petroselinum sp.), ûrûsihlînûn [n.p.] [top]; Macedonian parsley (Athamanta macedonica), fihtrûsihlinûn [n.p.] [bottom], fol. 144

Mountain parsley (Petroselinum sp.), ûrûsihlînûn [n.p.] [top]; Macedon...

Public domain photo of botanical artwork, 15th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

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