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Moslem graves under 'The Oaks of Bashan.' At Tell Hazûr, near Bâniâs. There appears to have been a complete circle of evergreen oaks here, surrounding a temple or an altar. It is still regarded as a holy "place," and is now dedicated to Sheikh Othmân of Hazûr. A group of ruins called Hazûr exists not far from this spot.

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The site of Laish, afterwards called Dan, the ancient northern limit of the Holy Land, at the most westernly source of the Jordan. This spot is now known as Tell el Kâdy (the Hill of the Judge), and here stands a sacred oak hung with votive offerings, with a tomb dedicated to Sheikh Merzûk.

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Ablutions after a mid-day meal. Of all the people of the East it may be said, "except they wash their hands diligently, eat not," and after a meal it is urgently necessary when fingers have been used instead of forks.

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El Mahrakah, the place of Elijah's sacrifice. At the south-eastern point of the range of Carmel. In the foreground is the green knoll called Tell el Kassîs (the Hill of the Priests), close to which the Kishon flows.

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The plains of Esdraelon from the heights above El Mahrakah, looking towards the south-east. In the distance, in a central position, the village of Zerîn (Jezreel), with its white castle, is easily distinguished. On the left rises Jebel Duby (Little Hermon), and on the right are the mountains of Gilboa.

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The convent of Mount Carmel. Its terraced roof commands extensive views alonf the coast, north and south. The building on the left is used for the accomodation of native pilgrims, and is surmounted by a light house four hundred and seventy feet above the sea.

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Ruins of an aqueduct east of Akka. The position of the stork is quite characteristic, as storks instinctively take possession of lofty deserted structures, where they may build their huge nests in safety.

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The plain of 'Akka from the slopes of Carmel. Showing the grove of palm-trees which extends from Haifa nearly as far as the river Kishon.

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Haifa, at the foot of Mount Carmel.

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The river Kishon. As it appears after the rainy season, where it flows through the narrow pass called Wâdy el Kasab (Valley of Reeds), which leads from the great plain of Esdraelon to the plain of' 'Akka. Oleanders flourish here, and many small birds build their nests.

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View of the rock-encircled harbour at Jaffa, from the roof of the house of Simon the Tanner. The building in the foreground, with its domes and perforated parapets, is a characteristic example of native domestic architecture in towns and cities of Southern Palestine.

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The castle of Mirabel. Now called Kûlat Râs el 'Ain, built by the Crusaders before the year 1149. It is nor a mere shell and encloses a large space of ground, in the centre of which stands a small mosque.

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The tower at Ramleh. Said to be the minaret of a large mosque which once stood here. According to an Arabic inscription over the door, it was built in the year 1318. It is known as the White Mosque.

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Jaffa, the ancient Joppa. - Egypt, Israel

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Part of the north wall and moat of Caesarea. The walls are six feet in thickness and are strengthened by buttresses; they are still from twenty to thirty feet in height. The moat is lined with masonry. There are three ruined towers in the north wall, two of which are shown above.

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Public fountain at Jaffa, near to the gate of the town, shaded by an octagonal domed structure, formed of eight pointed arches supported by columns.

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Landing at Jaffa. This is always attended with difficulty, as there is no harbor for large vessels at Jaffa. Steamers are obliged to anchor in the roadstead, about half a mile from the shore, and passengers are landed in small Arab boats.

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Ruins of the church of St. George at Ludd, the ancient Lydda. The nave and the north aisle have recently been converted into a Greek church; the south aisle is destroyed, and the remainder is used as the court of a mosque.

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Tower of the castle at Caeserea. Built by the crusaders. It probably occupies the site of "Strato's tower," which was succeeded by the "Tower Drusus" of Herod.

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Sanctuary of Imâm 'Aly. Surmounted on one large and eight smaller domes. On the road between Jaffa and Ramleh, near the village of Yazûr.

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The traditional house of Simon the Tanner. A Mohammadan sanctuary. On the south side of the court of the house there is an arched recess, in which a lamp is always kept burning, and where pilgrims perform their devotions. A well of good water and a fig tree add to the attractiveness of this 'place'.

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Athlît, from the south. Called Castellum Peregrinorum by medieval writers. It was one of the most important landing-places for pigrims during the thirteenth century. It stands on a rocky promontory which projects a quarter of a mile westward into the sea

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Scene in the bazaar at Jaffa. A public café, in a deep arched recess, with a group of smokers. An attendant pounding coffee is steadying a wooden mortar with his naked feet. In the foreground there are fruit-stalls and a Bedouin with his tufted lance; a water-carrier and a peasant boy leading a camel are passing by.

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Shittim tree at Jaffa, in the Mohammadan cemetary north of the town, close to the sea. Represented at the hour of sunset, the time of evening prayer.

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The mosque at Jaffa. A modern structure in the north-east quarter of the town. It can easily be distinguished in the general view of Jaffa (see steel plate). where it appears between the masts of the Arab fishing boats.

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The Nahr el Aujeh from Kûlat Râs el 'Ain. The river rises out of the earth in several copious streams at the foot of the mound on which the castle stands. This mound has been satisfactorily identified as the site of Antipatris.

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The castle of Caesarea. A medieval structure, with marble columns built transversely into the walls. In the interior there are several vaulted chambers. It stands on the ancient mole on the south side of the harbour.

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Kefar Saba. A straggling village consisting of houses built chiefly of sun-dried bricks, with extensive orchards to the west and south of it. It is fourteen miles from Jaffa, and is interesting in as much as it preserves the name of the ancient Caphar Saba.

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Plain of Sharon from the tower, Ramleh. This tower, shown on page 144, was the minaret of a mosque called Jâmi'a el Abtad. It has a winding staircase of one hundred and twenty steps. Its eastern windows overlook the town of Ramleh and the plain beyond, bounded by the hills of Judea.

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Yabneh, the ancient Jabneh. Called also Jabneel, and by the Greeks Jamnia. It is a large village, four miles from the seashore, surrounded by orchards. Its mosque was once a Christian church. Its port, once the rival of Joppa, has now almost entirely disappeared.

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The ruined fortress of Latrôn, from 'Amwâs, the Emmaus of the Maccabees, afterwards called Nicopolis. In the foreground are the remains of the ancient church of Emmaus. There is a direct road, running southwards, from Latrôn to Zorah, over hills dotted with ruined sites.

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Ruins of Ascalon, from the North-east. Here there are fine orchards and olive- trees, cultivated by the Egyptian peasants of the neighboring village of El Jûrah. The wild onions of 'Askûlon are celebrated for their delicate flavor. The Romans gave them the name of Ascalonia, hence scalogn (Ital.) and shallot (Allium Ascalonicum).

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Râmat el Khulîl, the sight of Mamre. The camping place of Abraham. It is a little way to the right of the old Roman road to Jerusalem, and is also known as Beit Khulîl, "the house of Abraham."

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Wâdy es Sunt, the Valley of Elah. The scene of David's encounter with Goliath. THe valley winds between the low hills and enters the plain of Philistia opposite Tel es Sâfy.

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Eshdûd, the ancient Ashdod. Called by the Greeks Azotus. The modern village stands on the slope of a hill, one hundred feet above the sea, and three miles from the shore. The green knoll in the foreground is crowned by the wely of Sheikh Ibrahim el Matbûk.

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The valley of Sorek. Where the men of Beth-Shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest when the ark arrived from Ekron.

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Bîr es Seba': the site of Beersheba. The ancient wells can still be traced, and two of them are serviceable ; but the city has ceased to exist. In the distance may be seen an encampment of the Tiyâheh Arabs. In the foreground a woman is asking alms...

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Ruins of Ashkelon, from the South-west. Here there is a shallow bay, with a landing-place for small boats. The beach is strewn with masses of ancient masonry. On the cliff above there is a Mohammadan shrine, called El Khudrah, with a few palm trees near it.

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El Mejdel, the Ancient Migdol. An important village of fifteen hundred inhabitants. Its mosque and tall minaret are constructed of ancient materials. A weekly fair is held here.

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Shrine of Sheikh Samat at Sur'ah (Zorah), on the summit of the hill. Below is shown the upper part of the Wâdy es Su'ar (Vally of Sorek), which falls into the river called Nahr Rubîn.

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Mosquée d'Omar, côté ouest - Early photography, Public domain image

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Chemin de Naplouse - Early photography, Public domain image

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Table of plates, Israel, Dorot Jewish Books Division

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Enceinte du temple, vue générale de la face est -- Pl. 1

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Birket-es-Soultan - Early photography, Public domain image

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Côté sud. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Fontaine de Saint Philippe - Early photography, Public domain image

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Porte d'Hérode - Early photography, Public domain image

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Grotte de Jérémie. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sépulcre, coupole. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Village de Siloam - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sépulchre, colonne du parvis

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Arc de l'Ecce Homo - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sepulcre, Chapelle du Calvaire.

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Chemin de Beit-Lehem. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sépulcre, façade - Early photography, Public domain image

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Porte Saint Étienne, vue extérieure.

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Fontaine arabe, 1. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Portail de Sainte Marie la Grande.

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Porte de Jaffa, intérieur - Early photography, Public domain image

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Tombeau des rois de Juda, intérieur de la cour

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Tombeau de la vierge. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Porte de David. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Tombeau des Juges. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sépulcre, vue générale. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sépulcre, entrée principale

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Porte de Damas, vue extérieure.

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Birket-Mamillah. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Fontaine arabe, 2. - Early photography, Public domain image

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Saint Sépulcre, abside - Early photography, Public domain image

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Enceinte du temple, vue générale de la face est, Pl. 3

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'Jerusalem,' Festival Hall and Fine Arts Building, from Ferris Wheel.

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From Ferris Wheel S.E. over Japanese garden and 'Jerusalem' to Festival Hall.

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From Ferris Wheel S.E. over Japanese garden and 'Jerusalem' to Festival Hall.

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Hebron, Palestine - Public domain sheet music scan, 19th century photo of Palestine and Jerusalem

Remains of ancient masonry, called the Ruins of the Tower Antonia.

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Ancient Jewish work in the north-east of the Haram Wali, near S. Mary's Gate.

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Wailing-place of the Jews. A portion of the ancient wall of the temple enclosure.

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North-eastern view of Kubbet es-Sakharah, and of Kubbet es-Silsileh.

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View of the Pool Amygdalon [Pool of Hezekiah], and of the domes of the Church of the Resurrection.

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Front of the Church of the Resurrection.

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Gate of the entrance-door to the Church of the Resurrection..

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Interior views of the Church of the Resurrection, viz. Great Dome (fig. 1), Calvary (fig. 2), Greek Chapel (fig. 3), Chapel of S. Helena (fig. 4).

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Details of seven capitals in and near the Church of the Resurrection.

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Entrance to the Hospital of S. John.

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Plans and sections of the Tomb of the Virgin Mary, and of the Cave of the Agony.

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Ancient Jewish synagogue in the Valley of the Kidron, towards the north.

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'Jerusalem,' Festival Hall and Fine Arts Building, from Ferris Wheel.

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From Ferris Wheel S.E. over Japanese garden and 'Jerusalem' to Festival Hall.

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From Ferris Wheel S.E. over Japanese garden and 'Jerusalem' to Festival Hall.

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68 CE: The Idumaeans decide to overthrow John of Giscala and invite Simon son of Gioras into Jerusalem to oppose him and the Zealots.

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70 CE: The parties of both John of Giscala and Simon son of Gioras set fire to buildings stocked with provisions, exacerbating the famine that besets Jerusalem.

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67 CE: The intriguer John son of Levi (John of Giscala) incites a rebellion in the town of Giscala in the Upper Galilee. After persuading Titus not to attack the town on the Sabbath, John flees at nightfall from Giscala to Jerusalem with some of his followers.

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4 BCE: Disciples of certain sages of Jerusalem tear down the image of a golden eagle, which Herod, in violation of Jewish law, had erected on the gate of the Temple.

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70 CE: The famine in Jerusalem drives the Jews to abominable acts: a woman named Mary kills her infant son, then roasts the corpse and devours half of it.

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70 CE: Feuding breaks out again in Jerusalem amongst three factions: followers of Eleazar son of Simon (the Zealots); John of Giscala; and Simon son of Gioras.

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55 CE: An Egyptian false prophet, having set himself up as tyrant, leads his 30,000 followers into a battle with the Romans in Jerusalem. Most of his men are killed or taken prisoner.

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68 CE: The Zealots, incited by John of Giscala, ask the Idumaeans to join the battle in Jerusalem. Jesus, the priest next in seniority to Ananus, addresses the Idumaeans from the tower of Jerusalem, in an attempt to dissuade them from joining the Zealots.

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165 BCE: Judah Maccabee leads an insurgency against Antiochus IV and expels his troops from the temple precincts and citadel of Jerusalem.

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68 CE: The priest Ananus calls upon the citizens of Jerusalem to resist the Zealots, who have made the Temple their fortress.

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